التفكير التبادلي لدى طلبة قسم التاريخ في جامعة ديالى
The research aims to identify: 1) Recognizing the reciprocal thinking of the students of the History Department at the College of Education for Human Sciences. 2) Finding the significance of the statistical differences in reciprocal thinking among the research sample according to the gender variable (males - females). 3) Finding the significance of the statistical differences in the reciprocal thinking of the research sample according to the variable of the study stage. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher followed the descriptive approach. As for the research community, it was represented by the students of the History Department at the College of Education for Human Sciences, Diyala University for the academic year (2021-2022), who numbered (613). The sample of the research was chosen randomly, according to Stephen Thompson's equation. It reached (236) male and female students, and the researcher used the reciprocal thinking scale as a tool for the current research, and the apparent validity, structural validity and the internal consistency coefficient of the research tool were extracted, then after that the stability was extracted by the two methods of repetition, as the value of the reliability coefficient reached (0.85) and the Couder-Richardson method. Kuder-Richardson-20) (0,82). To extract the results of the research, the researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Spss 25) to analyze the data and then interpret it. (Published abstract)