برنامج قائم على مدخل تناقضات المؤرخين لتنمية البراعة التاريخية والتأمل النقدي التاريخي لدى الطلاب معلمي التاريخ بكلية التربية جامعة الإسكندرية
The research aims to determine the effectiveness of a program based on the historians' contradictions approach; to develop historical proficiency and historical-critical reflection; for history student teachers in the second year at the Faculty of Education - Alexandria University. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the two methods: descriptive and quasi-experimental with one group, and the research procedures began by arriving at a theoretical framework to search for: (historical proficiency, and historical critical reflection; in addition to the historians' contradictions approach), then preparing the research tools, which are: (two tests: proficiency, and historical critical reflection), and their application to the research sample consisting of 53 teacher students in the second year - History Division, using arithmetic averages, percentages, t-test, correlation coefficient, and Eta square; Several results of the research were reached, the most important of which were: (The proposed program based on the historians' contradictions approach is effective in developing historical proficiency and critical historical-critical reflection skills); for history student teachers, then come up with a set of recommendations, and proposed research. (Published abstract)