Arab Educational Information Network

Due to the different linguistic and cultural backgrounds of ESL students, the assessment of their English writing becomes a problematic area. On the one hand, many factors affect ESL students’ writing, including their English proficiency, mother tongue, home culture, and style of written communication. In rating ESL students’ writing, raters may differentially consider these factors. On the other hand, empirical studies have found that many factors (e.g., raters’ linguistic backgrounds, previous experiences, and prior training in assessment) affect the rating of ESL students’ writing. The impact of these factors leads to questions about the accuracy, precision and ultimately, the fairness of the assessment of ESL students’ writing. This paper reviews 20 major empirical studies in which the factors affecting the rating of ESL writing in North American school contexts were investigated. These factors are categorized into two types: rater-related and task-related. Rater-related factors include the rating methods used, rating criteria, raters’ academic disciplines, professional experiences, linguistic backgrounds, tolerance for error, perceptions and expectations, and rater training. Task-related factors include the types of and difficulty levels of writing tasks. The paper also identifies research gaps and proposes directions for future research in the assessment of ESL writing. (Published abstract)